zeno

Zeno Performance Benchmarks

Overview

Benchmarks performed on M1 Max (December 2025). Times are in milliseconds.

Empirical Formulas

These formulas act as the ground truth for estimating resource usage on standard hardware.

Memory (Space): \(\text{Memory (MB)} \approx 32 \times 2^{(GB - 18)}\)

Time (Sequential): \(T_{\text{total}} \approx T_{\text{base}}(GB) + 3.6 \times VDF \text{ (ms)}\)

Where T_base (Cycle-finding time):

Protection Target Recommendations

By Threat Model

Threat GRAPH_BITS VDF Time Memory Rationale
Script Bots 13 100 ~0.2s 2 MB Stops automation
Bot Farms 15 150 ~0.4s 5 MB Exceeds cheap VPS
GPU Attacks 17 100 ~0.5s 16 MB Memory-bound
ASIC/GPU (Default) 18 300 ~1.6s 32 MB Balanced Defense
Maximum 19 200 ~2.5s 62 MB Critical systems

Tuning for Time Budget

Time Budget Config Memory
< 1 second GB=18, VDF=100 32 MB
1-2 seconds GB=18, VDF=300 32 MB
2-3 seconds GB=18, VDF=500 32 MB
3-5 seconds GB=19, VDF=400 62 MB

Tuning for Memory Budget

Memory Target Config Time
~2 MB GB=13, VDF=100 ~0.2s
~5 MB GB=15, VDF=150 ~0.4s
~16 MB GB=17, VDF=100 ~0.5s
~32 MB (Default) GB=18, VDF=300 ~1.6s
~62 MB GB=19, VDF=200 ~2.5s

Hardware Variability

Relative performance compared to the reference M1 Max benchmark.

Device Class Speed vs M1 Max GB=18 Time
M1/M2 Mac 1× 1.6s
Modern Desktop 1.2× 1.9s
iPhone 14+ 1.5× 2.4s
Mid-range Android 2× 3.2s
Low-end Mobile 3-4× >5.0s (Not recommended)

Benchmark Data

Mode: WASM

Round Graph Bits VDF Time (ms) Memory (MB)
Sanity 10 100 190 1.25
R1: GB Ramp 11 100 180 1.31
R1: GB Ramp 12 100 177 1.56
R1: GB Ramp 13 100 178 2.06
R1: GB Ramp 14 100 205 3.00
R1: GB Ramp 15 100 251 4.88
R1: GB Ramp 16 100 341 8.69
R1: GB Ramp 17 100 515 16.31
R1: GB Ramp 18 100 927 31.50
R1: GB Ramp 19 100 2177 61.88
R2: VDF Ramp 10 100 177 1.25
R2: VDF Ramp 10 200 482 1.25
R2: VDF Ramp 10 300 839 1.25
R2: VDF Ramp 10 400 1208 1.25
R2: VDF Ramp 10 500 1565 1.25
R2: VDF Ramp 10 600 1939 1.25
R2: VDF Ramp 10 700 2280 1.25
R3: Combo 11 100 184 1.31
R3: Combo 11 150 310 1.31
R3: Combo 11 200 490 1.31
R3: Combo 11 250 670 1.31
R3: Combo 11 300 847 1.31
R3: Combo 11 350 1024 1.31
R3: Combo 11 400 1208 1.31
R3: Combo 11 450 1381 1.31
R3: Combo 11 500 1562 1.31
R3: Combo 11 550 1770 1.31
R3: Combo 11 600 1951 1.31
R3: Combo 11 650 2118 1.31
R3: Combo 12 100 178 1.56
R3: Combo 12 150 299 1.56
R3: Combo 12 200 492 1.56
R3: Combo 12 250 654 1.56
R3: Combo 12 300 846 1.56
R3: Combo 12 350 1029 1.56
R3: Combo 12 400 1202 1.56
R3: Combo 12 450 1367 1.56
R3: Combo 12 500 1554 1.56
R3: Combo 12 550 1738 1.56
R3: Combo 12 600 1929 1.56
R3: Combo 12 650 2106 1.56
R3: Combo 13 100 178 2.06
R3: Combo 13 150 301 2.06
R3: Combo 13 200 477 2.06
R3: Combo 13 250 669 2.06
R3: Combo 13 300 848 2.06
R3: Combo 13 350 1028 2.06
R3: Combo 13 400 1193 2.06
R3: Combo 13 450 1374 2.06
R3: Combo 13 500 1564 2.06
R3: Combo 13 550 1740 2.06
R3: Combo 13 600 1930 2.06
R3: Combo 13 650 2090 2.06
R3: Combo 14 100 206 3.00
R3: Combo 14 150 332 3.00
R3: Combo 14 200 505 3.00
R3: Combo 14 250 681 3.00
R3: Combo 14 300 865 3.00
R3: Combo 14 350 1039 3.00
R3: Combo 14 400 1235 3.00
R3: Combo 14 450 1411 3.00
R3: Combo 14 500 1603 3.00
R3: Combo 14 550 1789 3.00
R3: Combo 14 600 1952 3.00
R3: Combo 14 650 2103 3.00
R3: Combo 15 100 257 4.88
R3: Combo 15 150 374 4.88
R3: Combo 15 200 554 4.88
R3: Combo 15 250 723 4.88
R3: Combo 15 300 904 4.88
R3: Combo 15 350 1094 4.88
R3: Combo 15 400 1280 4.88
R3: Combo 15 450 1466 4.88
R3: Combo 15 500 1630 4.88
R3: Combo 15 550 1814 4.88
R3: Combo 15 600 1993 4.88
R3: Combo 15 650 2152 4.88
R3: Combo 16 100 340 8.69
R3: Combo 16 150 453 8.69
R3: Combo 16 200 646 8.69
R3: Combo 16 250 817 8.69
R3: Combo 16 300 1000 8.69
R3: Combo 16 350 1171 8.69
R3: Combo 16 400 1348 8.69
R3: Combo 16 450 1526 8.69
R3: Combo 16 500 1717 8.69
R3: Combo 16 550 1908 8.69
R3: Combo 16 600 2060 8.69
R3: Combo 17 100 528 16.31
R3: Combo 17 150 655 16.31
R3: Combo 17 200 827 16.31
R3: Combo 17 250 999 16.31
R3: Combo 17 300 1175 16.31
R3: Combo 17 350 1351 16.31
R3: Combo 17 400 1551 16.31
R3: Combo 17 450 1727 16.31
R3: Combo 17 500 1892 16.31
R3: Combo 17 550 2068 16.31
R3: Combo 18 100 1008 31.50
R3: Combo 18 150 1126 31.50
R3: Combo 18 200 1308 31.50
R3: Combo 18 250 1487 31.50
R3: Combo 18 300 1634 31.50
R3: Combo 18 350 1808 31.50
R3: Combo 18 400 1999 31.50
R3: Combo 18 450 2179 31.50

Mode: JS

Round Graph Bits VDF Time (ms) Memory (MB)
Sanity 10 100 96 1.17
R1: GB Ramp 11 100 113 2.34
R1: GB Ramp 12 100 140 4.69
R1: GB Ramp 13 100 203 9.38
R1: GB Ramp 14 100 353 18.75
R1: GB Ramp 15 100 636 37.50
R1: GB Ramp 16 100 1183 75.00
R1: GB Ramp 17 100 2710 150.00
R1: GB Ramp 18 100 5041 300.00
R1: GB Ramp 19 100 11580 600.00
R2: VDF Ramp 10 100 98 1.17
R2: VDF Ramp 10 200 207 1.17
R2: VDF Ramp 10 300 346 1.17
R2: VDF Ramp 10 400 502 1.17
R2: VDF Ramp 10 500 644 1.17
R2: VDF Ramp 10 600 784 1.17
R2: VDF Ramp 10 700 894 1.17
R2: VDF Ramp 10 800 1047 1.17
R2: VDF Ramp 10 900 1202 1.17
R2: VDF Ramp 10 1000 1336 1.17
R2: VDF Ramp 10 1100 1495 1.17
R2: VDF Ramp 10 1200 1624 1.17
R2: VDF Ramp 10 1300 1760 1.17
R2: VDF Ramp 10 1400 1897 1.17
R2: VDF Ramp 10 1500 2064 1.17
R3: Combo 11 100 109 2.34
R3: Combo 11 150 159 2.34
R3: Combo 11 200 232 2.34
R3: Combo 11 250 300 2.34
R3: Combo 11 300 371 2.34
R3: Combo 11 350 444 2.34
R3: Combo 11 400 511 2.34
R3: Combo 11 450 588 2.34
R3: Combo 11 500 668 2.34
R3: Combo 11 550 744 2.34
R3: Combo 11 600 800 2.34
R3: Combo 11 650 884 2.34
R3: Combo 11 700 936 2.34
R3: Combo 11 750 995 2.34
R3: Combo 11 800 1087 2.34
R3: Combo 11 850 1150 2.34
R3: Combo 11 900 1217 2.34
R3: Combo 11 950 1298 2.34
R3: Combo 11 1000 1348 2.34
R3: Combo 11 1050 1415 2.34
R3: Combo 11 1100 1504 2.34
R3: Combo 11 1150 1561 2.34
R3: Combo 11 1200 1649 2.34
R3: Combo 11 1250 1708 2.34
R3: Combo 11 1300 1779 2.34
R3: Combo 11 1350 1883 2.34
R3: Combo 11 1400 1934 2.34
R3: Combo 11 1450 1993 2.34
R3: Combo 11 1500 2058 2.34
R3: Combo 12 100 134 4.69
R3: Combo 12 150 178 4.69
R3: Combo 12 200 249 4.69
R3: Combo 12 250 324 4.69
R3: Combo 12 300 397 4.69
R3: Combo 12 350 460 4.69
R3: Combo 12 400 541 4.69
R3: Combo 12 450 596 4.69
R3: Combo 12 500 675 4.69
R3: Combo 12 550 747 4.69
R3: Combo 12 600 815 4.69
R3: Combo 12 650 888 4.69
R3: Combo 12 700 962 4.69
R3: Combo 12 750 1044 4.69
R3: Combo 12 800 1114 4.69
R3: Combo 12 850 1173 4.69
R3: Combo 12 900 1231 4.69
R3: Combo 12 950 1313 4.69
R3: Combo 12 1000 1378 4.69
R3: Combo 12 1050 1470 4.69
R3: Combo 12 1100 1515 4.69
R3: Combo 12 1150 1595 4.69
R3: Combo 12 1200 1691 4.69
R3: Combo 12 1250 1753 4.69
R3: Combo 12 1300 1815 4.69
R3: Combo 12 1350 1889 4.69
R3: Combo 12 1400 1951 4.69
R3: Combo 12 1450 2060 4.69
R3: Combo 13 100 205 9.38
R3: Combo 13 150 245 9.38
R3: Combo 13 200 317 9.38
R3: Combo 13 250 390 9.38
R3: Combo 13 300 459 9.38
R3: Combo 13 350 534 9.38
R3: Combo 13 400 624 9.38
R3: Combo 13 450 664 9.38
R3: Combo 13 500 737 9.38
R3: Combo 13 550 825 9.38
R3: Combo 13 600 885 9.38
R3: Combo 13 650 954 9.38
R3: Combo 13 700 1034 9.38
R3: Combo 13 750 1104 9.38
R3: Combo 13 800 1161 9.38
R3: Combo 13 850 1231 9.38
R3: Combo 13 900 1302 9.38
R3: Combo 13 950 1373 9.38
R3: Combo 13 1000 1468 9.38
R3: Combo 13 1050 1508 9.38
R3: Combo 13 1100 1600 9.38
R3: Combo 13 1150 1686 9.38
R3: Combo 13 1200 1725 9.38
R3: Combo 13 1250 1832 9.38
R3: Combo 13 1300 1880 9.38
R3: Combo 13 1350 1952 9.38
R3: Combo 13 1400 2014 9.38
R3: Combo 14 100 353 18.75
R3: Combo 14 150 393 18.75
R3: Combo 14 200 481 18.75
R3: Combo 14 250 528 18.75
R3: Combo 14 300 634 18.75
R3: Combo 14 350 674 18.75
R3: Combo 14 400 772 18.75
R3: Combo 14 450 828 18.75
R3: Combo 14 500 914 18.75
R3: Combo 14 550 965 18.75
R3: Combo 14 600 1043 18.75
R3: Combo 14 650 1098 18.75
R3: Combo 14 700 1175 18.75
R3: Combo 14 750 1231 18.75
R3: Combo 14 800 1309 18.75
R3: Combo 14 850 1373 18.75
R3: Combo 14 900 1482 18.75
R3: Combo 14 950 1539 18.75
R3: Combo 14 1000 1646 18.75
R3: Combo 14 1050 1656 18.75
R3: Combo 14 1100 1786 18.75
R3: Combo 14 1150 1796 18.75
R3: Combo 14 1200 1879 18.75
R3: Combo 14 1250 1954 18.75
R3: Combo 14 1300 2038 18.75
R3: Combo 15 100 609 37.50
R3: Combo 15 150 681 37.50
R3: Combo 15 200 734 37.50
R3: Combo 15 250 815 37.50
R3: Combo 15 300 889 37.50
R3: Combo 15 350 957 37.50
R3: Combo 15 400 1015 37.50
R3: Combo 15 450 1090 37.50
R3: Combo 15 500 1152 37.50
R3: Combo 15 550 1231 37.50
R3: Combo 15 600 1295 37.50
R3: Combo 15 650 1373 37.50
R3: Combo 15 700 1450 37.50
R3: Combo 15 750 1530 37.50
R3: Combo 15 800 1569 37.50
R3: Combo 15 850 1643 37.50
R3: Combo 15 900 1729 37.50
R3: Combo 15 950 1778 37.50
R3: Combo 15 1000 1874 37.50
R3: Combo 15 1050 1946 37.50
R3: Combo 15 1100 1984 37.50
R3: Combo 15 1150 2090 37.50
R3: Combo 16 100 1153 75.00
R3: Combo 16 150 1207 75.00
R3: Combo 16 200 1268 75.00
R3: Combo 16 250 1349 75.00
R3: Combo 16 300 1414 75.00
R3: Combo 16 350 1493 75.00
R3: Combo 16 400 1558 75.00
R3: Combo 16 450 1641 75.00
R3: Combo 16 500 1693 75.00
R3: Combo 16 550 1789 75.00
R3: Combo 16 600 1839 75.00
R3: Combo 16 650 1906 75.00
R3: Combo 16 700 2016 75.00
R3: Combo 17 100 2649 150.00
R3: Combo 17 150 2403 150.00
R3: Combo 17 200 2466 150.00
R3: Combo 17 250 2774 150.00
R3: Combo 17 300 2991 150.00
R3: Combo 17 350 2826 150.00
R3: Combo 17 400 2766 150.00
R3: Combo 17 450 3014 150.00
R3: Combo 17 500 3295 150.00
R3: Combo 17 550 3080 150.00
R3: Combo 18 100 5185 300.00
R3: Combo 18 150 5377 300.00
R3: Combo 18 200 5221 300.00
R3: Combo 18 250 5686 300.00
R3: Combo 18 300 5339 300.00
R3: Combo 18 350 5869 300.00
R3: Combo 18 400 5370 300.00
R3: Combo 18 450 5971 300.00
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